![]() Paasikivi to succeed the resigning Mannerheim as new president with 159 votes. Picture about the 1946 presidential election, when the parliament of Finland elected prime minister J. The Spartan election of the Ephors, therefore, also predates the reforms of Solon in Athens by approximately 180 years. Nor were the lowest of the four classes of Athenian citizens (as defined by the extent of their wealth and property, rather than by birth) eligible to hold public office, through the reforms of Solon. Under the earlier Solonian Constitution (circa 574 BC), all Athenian citizens were eligible to vote in the popular assemblies, on matters of law and policy, and as jurors, but only the three highest classes of citizens could vote in elections. Athenian democratic elections, where all citizens could hold public office, were not introduced for another 247 years, until the reforms of Cleisthenes. The first recorded popular elections of officials to public office, by majority vote, where all citizens were eligible both to vote and to hold public office, date back to the Ephors of Sparta in 754 BC, under the mixed government of the Spartan Constitution. To select the committee members, a young boy was asked to take out as many leaves as the number of positions available. The leaves, with candidate names written on them, were put inside a mud pot. In the Chola Empire, around 920 CE, in Uthiramerur (in present-day Tamil Nadu), palm leaves were used for selecting the village committee members. Such elections were quite common in contemporary societies of the region. 750s – 770s CE) in early medieval Bengal was elected by a group of feudal chieftains. After the election the votes were taken out and counted. Even during the Sangam Period people elected their representatives by casting their votes and the ballot boxes (usually a pot) were tied by rope and sealed. However, the gana members had the final say in his elections. The raja always belonged to the Kshatriya varna (warrior class), and was typically a son of the previous raja. In the Vedic period of India, the raja (kings) of a gaṇa (a tribal organization) was elected by the gana. To elect means "to select or make a decision", and so sometimes other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections, especially in the United States.Ī British election campaign leaflet with an illustration of an example ballot paper, 1880Įlections were used as early in history as ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor (see imperial election) and the pope (see papal election). Election is the fact of electing, or being elected. Psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections (especially with a view to predicting future results). The global use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern representative democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype, ancient Athens, where the elections were considered an oligarchic institution and most political offices were filled using sortition, also known as allotment, by which officeholders were chosen by lot.Įlectoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place, or improving the fairness or effectiveness of existing systems. This process is also used in many other private and business organisations, from clubs to voluntary associations and corporations. Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office.Įlections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century.
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